Method and Device for Conditioning Process Gases for the Heat Treatment of Metallic Work Pieces in Industrial Furnaces

ABSTRACT

In a method and with a device for preparing process gases ( 3 ) for heat treatments of metallic materials/workpieces, the respective process gas ( 3 ) is to be fed into at least one treatment chamber ( 1.1 ) in an industrial furnace ( 1 ) having been practically fully prepared, homogenised and heated, and the method is to be carried out both with newly built and particularly with already existing installations of industrial furnaces ( 1 ) with the aid of the device, wherein the process gas ( 3 ) is prepared with compression at temperatures uncoupled from the temperature in the treatment chamber ( 1.1 ), in a process separate from the heat treatment process in the treatment chamber ( 1.1 ), and in a temperature range up to about 1250° C., and is rendered usable for economical and low-emission heat treatment (FIG.  3 ).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates to a method and a device for preparing processgases for heat treatments of metallic materials/workpieces in industrialfurnaces, wherein the heatable process gases include a treatment mediumas a protective gas and/or for example a reaction gas.

2. Description of the Related Art

In general, a process gas for the heat treatment of metallicmaterials/workpieces in industrial furnaces is understood by a personskilled in the art to be a treatment medium such as for example aprotective gas containing carbon monoxide, hydrogen and nitrogen, carbondioxide oxygen and/or steam, and/or for example a reaction gascontaining hydrocarbons for “carburisation processes”, which relate tothe carburising or carbonitriding of metallic materials/workpieces.

Thus, in one of the steps of carburisation for example, a gas containinghydrocarbons is added to a process gas reacting in the treatment chamberto create the requisite furnace atmosphere. In this process, theindividual components of the process gas are intended to create acontrollable state of equilibrium in the furnace atmosphere so that thecarbon is able to be transferred from the gas atmosphere to the metallicmaterials/workpieces in a manner that is both controlled andreproducible. Automatic control of processes of this kind is assured byregulation of the C level, such as is described in DE 29 09 978 and hasbecome successfully established in industrial practice for the heattreatment of metallic materials/workpieces. However, the control of theC level solved so advantageously here fails to make use of catalyticallyusable potential with regard to modern requirements.

Thus for example, in his report entitled “Gas mixtures fed hot into thefurnace chamber as the atmosphere for heat treatment of steel”, (HTM 30(1975) Vol. 2, p. 107-) W. Goring had already suggested using aprotective gas retort with catalyst bed integrated in the industrialfurnace to feed hot process gas into the treatment chamber, regardlessof the temperature there, as a way to speed up the level of activationof a furnace atmosphere. For the purposes of modern specifications, thismethod is associated with a number of drawbacks, because it requiresconstant replenishment with fresh gas, that is to say regulation iseffected by enriching the gas, and harmful emissions must be contendedwith.

The use of catalysts is also described in other documents, such as forexample DE 36 32577, DE 38 88 814, DE 40 05 710, DE 691 33356, and DE 4416 469.

The following text discloses the treatment of metals in a carburisedatmosphere

-   -   in accordance with GB 1,069,531,    -   in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 3,620,518 for the treatment of        workpieces in hardening furnaces having a catalyst lining of        nickel oxide, which has been applied to the ceramic interior        wall and increases the available surface area,    -   in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 4,294,436 with a furnace for        heat treatment of metal parts with a protective atmosphere in        furnaces having catalytic walls of Ni,    -   in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 5,645,808 for catalytic        oxidation with carbon compounds in gas streams, and    -   in accordance with US 2006/0081567 with plasma-supported        workpiece treatment, and    -   in accordance with JP 62199761.

In order to improve the process effect of the gas feed in theabovementioned industrial furnaces, it has already been suggested in DE10 2008 029 001.7-45 to tailor the supply of hydrocarbon to specificcarburisation requirements so as to economise on protective gas andreduce heat energy losses, to adjust the C potential in the protectivegas and prevent uncontrollable and/or undesirable reactions. Thisresulted in the creation of a new protective gas recirculation systemfor gas carburisation. In this, the components carbon dioxide, oxygenand steam react with a supplied hydrocarbon in a processing area of thetreatment chamber of a species-related industrial furnace to yieldcarbon monoxide and hydrogen again, in this case catalytically. In thisway, previously “used” protective gas, that is to say a protective gaswith a low C potential, may be advantageously reprocessed. The Cpotential is adjusted in the processing area of the treatment chamber.The “processed” protective gas may then be fed back into the treatmentchamber at one or more points, thus establishing a truly circularprocess for gas carburisation.

According to this new method

-   -   the components carbon dioxide, oxygen and steam react with a fed        supply of a hydrocarbon as the reagent gas to yield carbon        monoxide and hydrogen in a processing area equipped with        catalyst bed in an industrial furnace,    -   the protective gas has elevated C potential, and the C potential        is adjusted,    -   the catalytic reaction is accelerated, and    -   the protective gas processed in this way is returned to the        treatment chamber in a recirculation system.

The purpose of this was to improve the process of uniform carburisationand enable costs for process gas to be reduced further.

However, more extensive research was needed in order to ensure even morereliable and reproducible heat treatment for industrial furnaceoperators, because the method described above requires the treatmentchamber and the heating chamber to be as impermeable as possible, andreaction temperatures in the heating chamber do not exceed for example850-950° C.

In this context, the quality requirements for case hardening had to beanalysed again, particularly with respect to parameters such as

-   -   case hardening depth/carburisation depth,    -   surface hardness/surface carbon content,    -   perlite/troostite seam,    -   residual austenite content,    -   carbide formation,    -   surface oxidation depth as well as    -   dimensional and shape changes and    -   core hardness        if they were to be correlated even indirectly with the degree of        carburisation. In this case, the depth of carburisation and the        carbon concentration were both significant factors.

In the existing industrial carburisation methods, such as gascarburisation in atmosphere furnaces and low-pressure carburising invacuum furnaces, the objective is one that is familiar to those skilledin the art: all parts of the workpieces in a batch must be carburisedwith total uniformity, to the same C content and the same carburisationdepth.

With gas carburisation, in which the furnace atmosphere is adjustablevia equilibrium reactions, this may be achieved more effectively than bynon-equilibrium carburisation using hydrocarbons.

Accordingly, gas carburisation, that is atmospheric gas carburisation,is the preferred process.

In this process, the following known, various process steps areperformed, it is essential to take all of them into account to ensurereproducible, even carburisation:

-   -   1. The gas reactions for creating the carburising gas components        in the atmosphere.    -   2. Gas phase homogenisation for transporting the        carbon-containing molecules in the gas phase and to the part to        be carburised.    -   3. Diffusion transport, that is to say transport of the        carbon-containing molecules by the flow boundary layer to the        surface of the part.    -   4. Dissociation and adsorption relating to splitting of the        molecules on the surface of the part.    -   5. Absorption, that is to say the uptake of the carbon by the        part surface.    -   6. Diffusion as the means of transporting the carbon into the        part.

As has already been described in the outcome in DE 10 2008 029 001.7-45,the decisive reactions for carburisation in the carburisation atmosphereare:

CH₄

C+2H₂   Methane dissociation

2CO

C+CO₂   Boudouard reaction

CO+H₂

C+H₂O   Heterogeneous water-gas reaction

CH₄+CO₂

2CO+2H₂   Enrichment reaction 1

CH₄+H₂O

CO+3H₂   Enrichment reaction 2

In order to build on the advance represented by DE 10 2008 029 001.7-45with regard to the prior art, it is important to influence the kineticsand also the direction of these reactions, because they depend to alarge degree on the temperature which—as was explained previously—isregularly limited to 850-950° C., but are not enabled at temperaturessignificantly below this.

Since the transportation of the carbon carrier is usually effectedthrough forced convection, the powerful circulation of the atmospherewithin the heating chamber helps to ensure that the carbon carriers arethoroughly mixed and the flow thereof is then directed towards the part.

Thus, for example, the following relationship is known to apply for masstransfer when the atmospheric flow is directed towards a flat workpiecepanel

${\beta_{L} = {0.664 \times \sqrt{\frac{V \cdot L}{\nu}} \times \sqrt[3]{\frac{\nu}{D}} \times \frac{D}{L}}},$

wherein a coefficient of diffusion is represented by D;

-   -   a length of the part to which flow is directed is represented by        L;    -   a flow speed is represented by V; and    -   a kinematic viscosity is represented by ν.

Accordingly, as the flow speed increases the effective coefficient ofmass transfer β also becomes larger, and it is this relationship thatmust be used even more efficiently.

The known relationship to the effect that the speed of diffusion throughthe flow boundary layer is essential and cannot be influenced bychanging the flow speed had to be studied further.

In this regard, it is the magnitude of the coefficient of diffusion inthe gas that is decisive, and this is critically dependent ontemperature and pressure. In an initial approximation—also known—,doubling the pressure halves the diffusion coefficient.

The thickness of the boundary layer may be determined using therelationship familiar to those skilled in the art

${\delta (x)} = {4.64\sqrt{\frac{\nu \cdot x}{V_{\infty}}}}$

where thickness of the boundary layer is represented by δ(x);

-   -   distance from the edge of the part is represented by x; and    -   speed of the gas farther from the part is represented by V_(∞).

It may be observed that increasing the speed of the gas reduces thethickness of the boundary layer, which in turn shortens the transporttime to the surface. Use of this relationship must be improved as well.

Finally, the splitting reaction of the carbon monoxide on the partaccording to the known equation

$ {C\; O}\Rightarrow{C + {\frac{1}{2}O_{2}}} $

is also the underlying reaction for transferring carbon for gascarburisation in CO/H mixtures, which, besides still other reactions,enables the carburisation effect of the atmosphere to take placecontinuously, as is shown in FIG. 1, which illustrates known findings.

In order to arrive at advanced solutions proceeding from this knownbasis, the creative approach had to be applied and exploited in atechnologically new way, in particular that

-   -   the speed of carbon transfer depends on the property of the        atmosphere, and    -   the oxygen generated during splitting must be bound and then        removed by convection.

Since hydrogen is needed for this, the speed of dissociation of thecarbon monoxide in the presence of a sufficiently large quantity ofhydrogen becomes the determining parameter.

The speed at which the carbon is absorbed by the workpiece surface inturn depends on the difference between the carbon activities in theatmosphere and in the part. This means, if the carbon activity in thegas is greater than in the part, the net effect is a transfer of thecarbon to the workpiece surface.

In practice, this difference may be characterized in pure iron andunalloyed steel by the difference between the C potential and the carboncontent in the workpiece surface, wherein the diffusion of the carboncan be described by Fick's laws, which will not be further elaborated onhere.

Accordingly, a new inventive task must address the fact that diffusiondepends on the temperature and the progression of the concentration ofcarbon C in material having depth x.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In the context of these detailed investigations, the object of theinvention is to provide a method for preparing process gases for heattreatments of metallic materials/workpieces in industrial furnaces ofthe species described, by which at least one of the componentscontaining a process gas, having been practically completely prepared,and also homogenised and heated, is fed into the at least one treatmentchamber thereof and is able to be connected by a device both to newlymanufactured as well as and particularly to units of industrial furnacesthat have already been in service, such that the process gas is able tobe used for heat treatment in the respective industrial furnaceeconomically and with low emissions, and ideal carburisation conditionsin terms of

-   -   temperature,    -   gas flow towards the parts,    -   homogenisation of the gas phase, and    -   rapid reaction kinetics        are created uniformly throughout the treatment chamber of the        industrial furnace in accordance with the six process steps        listed above.

Unlike the prior art, the invention is therefore intended for industrialfurnaces, particularly those referred to as atmosphere furnaces, inwhich previously the components of the process gas to be heated werenormally prepared in the treatment chamber as the heating chamber,before they were introduced for carburising or carbonitriding heattreatment of metallic workpieces/materials, wherein in an upstreamprocess and with a device that may be connected to the industrialfurnace, the process gas is practically entirely prepared beforehand andthen fed into the treatment chamber with direct effect so that the heattreatment process may be carried out in a more efficient, moreenvironmentally responsible manner for operators in the industry, and toprovide a corresponding unit that is able to be retrofitted in olderindustrial furnaces.

With this statement of the object, approaches to finding inventivesolutions are informed by the fact that the temperature in both thetreatment chamber and the heating chamber of modern industrial furnacescan be maintained with a uniformity of at ±5° C. This means that whenthe heating and soaking phase is finished, all austenised parts are atthe same temperature.

If special gas feed devices are also arranged inside the heatingchamber, they already enable the remaining convective heat transferportions to be used in a defined way to achieve the all-importantuniformity of temperature throughout the entire batch chamber. Incertain cases, it is then possible to achieve tolerances of just ±3° C.

Ideal temperature uniformity can only be established if the gas flow isdirected to all parts optimally. Accordingly, excellent temperatureuniformity needs another circulation system, or more importantly onethat has been devised differently from previous systems, and which mustbe considered as a unit.

Besides establishing temperature uniformity and optimal exposure of theparts to the carburising gas flow, a third aspect of circulation to beconsidered is homogenisation of the atmosphere, which enables the gasreactions for initiating consistent carbon activity (C level) to besustained throughout the batch chamber and in the treatment chamber.

In order to set a defined atmosphere, continuous gasification withcarrier and enrichment gas must always be adjustable directly via thecirculation system.

The continuous interaction between the furnace atmosphere and thesurface of the workpiece, and the associated transfer of carbon from thegas causes the carbon activity (C level) in the atmosphere to changeconstantly, so that it is imperative to measure this variable. This isassured with the aid of the oxygen probe (and thermoelement) on thebasis of an oxygen partial pressure measurement. Natural gas (or anotherhydrocarbon) is added to the air to adjust the C potential.

Accordingly, carburisation of the parts and the enrichment of theprocess atmosphere necessitated thereby leads to a permanent imbalancetherein. Balanced adjustment of the C level must create aquasi-stationary equilibrium in generating a generally balancedatmosphere despite these locally occurring imbalances, and this isillustrated in FIG. 2 to provide a better understanding of the object ofthe invention in the circular gas carburisation process that is centralto the invention.

In this figure, the carburisation reactions responsible forcarburisation, all of which lead to the formation of carburising carbonmonoxide, are shown on the left.

One carburising reaction appears at top right in FIG. 2, that isunbalanced carburisation due to methane dissociation. A locallyoccurring, impermissible increase in the concentration of methane in theCO- and H₂-containing process atmosphere can result in partialovercarburisations on the parts, which then in turn cause residualaustenite and/or carbide formation. Methane dissociation is not normallydetected by the sensors, and consequently it is most often perceived asan interference factor during the process.

However, it is possible to achieve the interaction between gasificationand adjustment of the C level within the atmosphere according to aninternal development stage, wherein this interaction is defined by themaintenance of a tolerance of ±0.05% C in the surface carbon content ofthe workpiece, and results in uniform carburisation of the surfacelayer.

If a person skilled in the art assumes the degrees of effectiveness thatare achievable using the carburisation gasification techniques that arestandard today, he would recall that in operating industrial furnaces

-   -   thermal losses occur such as in the flare when the protective        gas is burned off, and    -   approximately 98% of the carbon that is fed into the        carburisation process is not available for carburising at all,        instead it is merely burned off, so that    -   the degree of efficiency in carburisation is thus less than 2%,        and    -   other technologies are addressing the question of how to exploit        the heat energy that is discharged into the ambient air.

A new gasification process was already proposed in the document DE 102008 029 001.7-45 cited above, according to which the protective gas isno longer burned off, but instead is returned to the heating chamber byrecirculation after undergoing an intermediate step as preparation, andis thus no longer dissipated, but reused.

The purpose of this invention is now to take the process anotherimportant step forward, in which the reactions proceeding within theheating chamber due to carburisation, such as:

2CH₄+O₂

2CO+4H₂

CH₄+CO₂

2CO+2H₂

CH₄+H₂O

O CO+3H₂

have been examined again with regard to more interference factors.

According to this, the intention was

-   to enable better use to be made of the catalytic potential,-   to ensure that above 850° C. the temperature actually required in    the furnace chamber does not result in reprocessing of protective    gas that has already been “consumed”, a process that while    advantageous on its own has negative effect on the reactions,-   to ensure that the catalytic effect is guaranteed regardless of the    temperature in the furnace chamber, that is to say significantly    above but also below temperatures, and-   to ensure that the enrichment gas is passed directly through the    catalyst, and not fed into the furnace chamber first.

Unlike previous approaches, in the present invention the protective gasis to be generated and enriched in a distinct preparation process,separately from the batch, so that it is possible to expose the batch toa gas atmosphere that is consistently homogeneous. As a result, streaksor inconsistencies are not formed when natural gas is introduced intothe heating chamber for the purpose of enrichment. Undesirable localovercarburisations, such as are caused by unbalanced carburisation dueto the methane dissociation described above, are to be almost entirelyprevented.

The low environmental impact of the method is demonstrated by its carbonfootprint. CO₂ emissions are lowered significantly by the extensiveeconomies in process gas.

Although it has not yet been possible to use the information gained fromDE 10 2008 029 001.7-45 for a wide range of industrial furnaces of thespecies described in the introduction that are already in service, afurther field of application is now accessible by virtue of the factthat it is possible to retrofit existing industrial furnaces, and thusachieve even greater efficiency than was offered by the method accordingto DE 10 2008 029 001.7-45. In particular, older inventories ofindustrial furnaces that are at operators' sites and still operable areable to be retrofitted according to the invention.

Starting from the prior art situation described in the preceding, thisnewly gained knowledge may now be applied to a wide range of currentlyoperating industrial furnaces of the technological species described inthe introduction. Although some of these solutions were implemented, forexample a protective gas retort with protective catalyst bed integratedin the industrial furnace, they were only implemented as integratedcomponents of furnace units and involved the disadvantageous supply ofenrichment gas but not gas recirculation.

It was also typical and disadvantageous in such arrangements that theprocess gases were always prepared under the conditions prevailing inthe respective treatment chamber as the heating chamber and directlyassociate functional units. Accordingly, it was not possible to preparethe gases under higher or lower temperature conditions.

The present invention now makes it possible for operators' existingolder industrial furnaces, which are still serviceable but are not yetbeing operated with the full range of commercial/technological andecological advantages, to be run in an environmentally conscious mannerand with economical use of energy carriers.

The invention provides a method for preparing process gases for heattreatments of metallic materials/workpieces in industrial furnaces, bywhich at least one of the components containing a process gas, havingbeen practically completely prepared, and also homogenised and heated,is fed into the at least one treatment chamber thereof and is able to beconnected by a device both to newly manufactured as well as andparticularly to units of industrial furnaces that have already been inservice, such that the process gas is able to be used for heat treatmentin the respective industrial furnace economically and with lowemissions.

Unlike the prior art, the invention enables industrial furnaces,particularly those referred to as atmosphere furnaces, in whichpreviously the components of the process gas to be heated were normallyprepared in the treatment chamber as the heating chamber, before theywere introduced for carburising or carbonitriding heat treatment ofmetallic workpieces/materials, an upstream method and a device that maybe connected to the industrial furnace enables the process gas to beprocessed in the manner explained in the preceding, wherein the actualpreparation process is able to take place and is favoured by higherreaction temperatures up to about 1250° C. and at significantly lowerreaction temperatures, that is to say higher and lower than thetemperature of 850° C.-950° C. in the treatment chamber, and that inthis context particularly accelerated reactions such as enrichment andgeneration, as described for example by

2CH₄+O₂→2CO+4H₂

CH₄+CO₂→2CO+2H₂

CH₄+H₂O→CO+3H₂

are encouraged and able to take place, so that this process gas may thenbe fed directly to the treatment chamber of the industrial furnace, sothat the carburising reactions there, for example

2CO→C+CO₂

CO+H₂→C+H₂O

CO→C+0.5O₂

are able to take place with direct effect at the usual, citedtemperatures.

In this context, other reaction equations in keeping with the centralidea of the invention may also take place depending on the correspondingheat treatment method and the gas components for preparing the processgas and the treatment-related consumption thereof for the purposes ofcentral idea of the invention.

The entire heat treatment process may thus be carried out by operatorsin the industry in an even more efficient and environmentally consciousmanner, for which purpose the corresponding unit has been created sothat according to the invention it is able to be retrofitted in olderindustrial furnaces.

In summary, the sequence of the method is configured according to theinvention such that the process gas, which includes at least

-   -   a first treatment medium as a protective gas, which also        contains the components carbon dioxide, oxygen and steam in        addition to the minimum components carbon monoxide, hydrogen and        nitrogen, and    -   a second treatment medium as a reagent gas, which initiates a        carburising or carbonitriding treatment,

-   a) is prepared separately with regard to at least one of the    properties thereof that is essential for heat treatment, such as    chemical reactions, temperatures, pressures or flow speeds, in a    preparation chamber of an external module outside of the treatment    chamber and the industrial furnace at temperatures of up to 1250° C.    and with the use of a compressor according to the following    reactions, for example,

2CH₄+O₂→2CO+4H₂

CH₄+CO₂→2CO+2H₂

CH₄+H₂O→CO+3H₂

such that the components such as carbon dioxide, oxygen and steam reactcatalytically with a hydrocarbon as the reagent gas to form carbonmonoxide and hydrogen, and after this reaction the protective gas has arequired C potential, after which

-   b) the process gas thus prepared is forced out of the preparation    chamber of the external module by the compressor and fed to the    treatment chamber in the industrial furnace, having been compressed,    homogenised and accelerated, and is directed via single-point or    multipoint feeds towards the materials/workpieces, where the    carburising or carbonitriding treatment is carried out according to    the following reaction, for example,

2CO→C+CO₂

CO+H₂→C+H₂O

CO→C+0.5O₂

wherein

-   c) at least one treatment medium of the process gas is recirculated    and is recovered for use in the preparation described in step a).

Experience has shown that the gas passing through pipelines can undergoa reactive breakdown, depending on the length and diameter of requiredpipe connections between the treatment chamber and preparation chamber.

This is to be avoided by rapidly cooling the gas after it exits thetreatment chamber, or even after it exits the preparation chamber.

As an alternative, achieving the high gas temperature by insulating and,if necessary, heating the pipelines also constitutes a suitable meansfor avoiding gas breakdown.

In the device for implementing the method, the respective pipeline mustcorrespondingly have allocated to it a cooling aggregate, e.g., designedas ribbed pipe piece with ducted or induced cooling, or an insulation orheater, in particular directly behind the treatment chamber or behindthe preparation chamber.

With this method, it is possible to produce a process gas that has beencompressed, homogenised, and heated to a higher, but also to a lowertemperature, which process gas together with at least one secondtreatment medium as the reagent gas containing a hydrocarbon and alsoammonia as components causes carburising and/or carbonitriding duringheat treatment of materials/workpieces or the treatment medium thereof,wherein at this point at least one treatment medium of the process gasfed into the treatment chamber of the industrial furnace is recirculatedin the treatment chamber for separate reconstitution.

The process gas is processed separately and catalytically in the moduledescribed to yield a circulation/mixture that is optimised for heattreatment and is able to overcome flow resistances with the assistanceof the compressor, for subsequent, direct use in heat treatment in theindustrial furnace.

By the time it reaches the industrial furnace, the process gas has thusbeen prepared, fully reacted, compressed, homogenised and accelerated,so that the carburising effect is able to take place directly on theworkpieces/materials directly in the treatment chamber of the industrialfurnace without the need to perform the reactions and preparation in thetreatment chamber, as previously, and then control/adjust the treatmentmedium according to the C level as a function of the workpieces/materialthat are to be treated.

The composition of the gas siphoned out of the treatment chamber andrelayed into the preparation chamber varies as a function of the levelof thermochemical gas reactions and gas metal reactions taking place inthe treatment chamber.

In terms of the input/output monitoring described in the invention, thegas is to be optimally prepared in the preparation chamber by preciselyadjusting the unburned gases being fed into the preparation chamber,e.g., natural gas and air, along with other hydrocarbons and otheroxidizing gases, relative to a supplied overall quantity and ratio ofsupplied individual quantities, based on the quantity and composition ofthe gas to be prepared and the desired preparation result.

In a thermochemical heat treatment process, such as carburisation orcarbonitration, the overall composition in the treatment chamber variesthroughout the entire duration of the process. Therefore, an optimallyprepared reaction gas cannot be generated by supplying a chronologicallyconstant quantity of unburned gas in a chronologically constant ratio ofthe individual unburned gas components into the preparation chamber.

The inventive process of optimal gas preparation is set up therein froma procedural standpoint by measuring the composition, streaming quantityand temperature of the gas to be prepared after exiting the treatmentchamber and before entering the preparation chamber, and of the preparedgas after exiting the preparation chamber and before entering thetreatment chamber, and continuously changing the entire quantity ofunburned gas fed into the preparation chamber along with the relativequantities of individual unburned gas components relative to each other,so as to achieve an optimal preparation result.

The process creates a closed control loop, in which target variables forthe prepared gas are defined based on an analysis of the gas to beprepared, in particular with respect to CO content and CH₄ content, andpotentially also with respect to H₂ content and CO₂ or H₂O content,wherein they are reached by varying the quantities of individualunburned gas components fed to the preparation chamber, and monitoredand readjusted as needed by analysing the prepared gas.

The corresponding device for this control loop for assuring the qualityof the prepared gas consists of gas composition analysers, in particularfor gas components CO and CH₄, but also CO₂ and H₂, and potentially H₂Oand/or O₂. Sensors for determining the quantity and temperature of thegas entering the preparation chamber for preparation and exiting thepreparation chamber after prepared, controllable metering valves andrate meters for the unburned gases fed into the preparation chamber, aswell as a programmable control system for processing the measuring data,calculating the target variables, and relaying the control signals tothe actuators, such as valves, etc.

In this way, a treatment stimulus that increases the effectiveness ofthe heat treatment is created immediately in the treatment chamberaccording to at least one of the parameters such as temperature, COcontent or pressure through integratedmonitoring/measurement/control/adjustment of the atmosphere in thetreatment chamber or the temperature of the process gas. In thiscontext, the monitoring/measurement/control/adjustment is furthersupported in the treatment chamber by at least one of the parameters,such as oxygen partial pressure, CO₂ content, and dewpoint of theatmosphere.

With this method, it is advantageously possible to add air from a coldarea to at least one treatment medium of the process gas that is to beprepared.

The method as a whole is characterized in that the prepared process gasis extracted from the treatment chamber again and fed back into theexternal module, prepared again as before, and forwarded back to thetreatment chamber of the industrial furnace.

For the accelerating and compressing circulating/mixing motion of atleast one of the treatment media in the process gas, air is fed from acold area to at least the one compressor located in the external module.

For control and adjustment, software is used that adds another treatmentmedium, for example a reagent gas, by segments in pulsed, timed, and/orconstant quantities from at least one treatment medium of the processgas, for example the atmosphere in the treatment chamber.

In this way, if carburisation causes the concentrations of CO₂, H₂O andO₂ to increase and the C level to fall in the heating chamber, thisdiluted gas is fed back into the preparation chamber, which is separateand thus locally isolated from the heating chamber.

Here, the C level is enriched by the addition of finely meteredquantities of natural gas, initiating the reactions described earlier,such as

2CH₄+O₂

2CO+4H₂

CH₄+CO₂

2CO+2H₂

CH₄+H₂O

CO=CO+3H₂

and reducing the concentrations again.

However, natural gas is only added to the preparation chamber if the Cpotential falls. While enrichment is not required, no natural gas isadded. Natural gas only needs to be introduced to enrich the mixture,and then in the smallest quantities, when the C potential falls as aresult of carburisation (and not due to flushing, as was previously thecase). In the ideal operating state, therefore, carbon in the form ofnatural gas only needs to be added in a quantity necessary forcarburising the part, in order to lower the C level, air may beintroduced.

No additional protective gas generator is required to ensure the processreliability of an industrial furnace, because this function is performedby the external preparation chamber.

The heat treatment process workflow is configured such that, after theheating chamber has been loaded with the batch of materials/workpieces,flushing gasification with protective gas generated by the system iscarried out for a defined initial period so that the desired furnaceatmosphere is restored as quickly as possible. For this, a naturalgas/air mixture is fed into the preparation chamber, a solenoid valve toa burn-off system equipped with a pilot burner is opened, and thefurnace is flushed with protective gas. After the flushing period, allvalves on the burn-off system area closed and recirculation is started.In this way, the protective gas is recirculated to the externalpreparation chamber of the separate module and may be adjusted to thedesired C level and prepared by the metered addition of natural gas.

The fully prepared protective gas can also be introduced into theheating chamber via a plurality of points as a multipoint feed insidethe heating chamber. In this way, is it possible to establish ahomogeneous gas atmosphere more quickly than was the case withconventional methods. In addition, the geometry of the treatment chambermay be optimised for a given application by using a selectablesingle-point or multi-point feed system.

For example, if atmospheric heat treatment furnaces are equipped with astrong internal gas circulation system and given a multi-point feedingprocess, the reaction gas to be prepared can be siphoned out of thetreatment chamber, and the gas prepared in the preparation chamber canbe returned to the treatment chamber via a single interface in the formof a coaxial dual pipe with an inner pipe that is somewhat longer thanthe outer pipe.

The reaction gas to be prepared is here advantageously siphoned off viathe inner pipe, while the prepared gas is returned via the outer pipe.

As a result, minimal structural changes, if any, are normally requiredwhen retrofitting existing heat treatment furnaces with the gaspreparation system according to the invention. It is in this way thatthe overall decisive advantage of the method, as described in thepreceding, becomes evident. The protective gas is generated and enrichedseparately from the batch, that is to say the batch is constantlyexposed to a homogeneous gas atmosphere. No streaks or inconsistenciesoccurred due to the introduction of natural gas into the heating chamberfor enrichment, so that undesirable local over-carburisations, such asmay be caused by non-uniform carburisation to due to methanedissociation, are precluded.

The CO content is not constant during treatment because natural gas isadded to compensate for the effects of carburising. Accordingly a COanalyser is needed to enable adjustment. If the CO content falls below aminimum value, the option still remains to increase the CO content againwith a brief flushing phase. In the course of the process, theconcentrations of CO and H₂ initially fall and rise during theover-carburisation phase, because until this time a relatively largequantity of CH₄ has been needed initially to saturate the surface of theparts being treated.

In the process sequence according to the invention, this behaviour isadvantageously such that less enrichment is required. During thediffusion phase, in which the need for enrichment gas is the smallest,the concentrations are thus approximately equivalent to the normalreaction compound.

Accordingly, a practically self-regulating, adaptive gasification systemhas been created in which natural gas is only added as an enrichmentagent when the C potential of the atmosphere falls because ofcarburisation of the parts, and not due to flushing losses or such othercauses.

The circular process for making significant economies in process gas, asrepresented by the ideal objective illustrated in FIG. 2, is fulfilledwith the invention.

The external module associated with the performance of the method, andwhich is to be used preferably, essentially includes the following in ahousing:

-   -   a) a closable preparation chamber with a catalyst and        temperature adjustment device for preparing the process gases,        which is via one detachable and sealable inflow line for a        prepared process gas to be introduced into the treatment chamber        of the industrial furnace and one sealable outflow line for a        treatment medium from an area or from the treatment chamber of        the industrial furnace,    -   b) a blower-type compressor with drive unit attached to the        preparation chamber and functionally integrated with the inflow        line,    -   c) equipment for measuring the inflow of treatment media of the        process gas, the pressure in the treatment chamber, the rotating        speed of the compressor and the temperature of the catalysts,        which equipment is connected functionally to the treatment        chamber of the industrial furnace, the preparation chamber and        the compressor, and    -   d) an assigned switching unit for controlling and adjusting        parameters such as the pressure, temperature, the volume flow of        the process gas to be prepared in the preparation chamber for        the purpose of feeding the treatment media, feeding the prepared        process gas into the treatment chamber of the industrial        furnace, and the C level.

From the point of view of someone skilled in this field, these reactionsare to be understood such that of course air and the cited hydrocarbongas may also be used to adjust the carbon potential. This means that atquantity of air is introduced if the C potential is to be lowered; onthe other hand, a hydrocarbon gas is introduced if it is desired toraise the C level.

The fundamentally new gas preparation process corresponding to thepreliminary stage of the invention was already defined in the DE 10 2008029 B1 cited at the outset. This process involves reducing the gascomponents CO₂ and H₂O to CO and H₂ in a preparation chamber notseparately arranged there by means of unburned gases fed into thepreparation chamber, which essentially consist of hydrocarbons, ifnecessary with certain percentages of an oxidizing gas, such as O₂, CO₂,etc.

To this end, the gas to be prepared and the unburned gases must beheated to a reaction temperature necessary for the conversion, and ametal catalyst must be present to accelerate the process. Depending onthe metal of the used catalyst, the necessary conversion temperaturesrange from 800° C. to 1250°.

Since no prepared reaction gas is often available at the start of theprocess in heat treatment furnaces operated with reaction gases, it mustfirst be generated for the respective location.

In an especially advantageous embodiment of the preparation chamber, thelatter can also be used to generate the reaction gas required by theheat treatment furnace.

In this reaction gas generating process, the preparation chamber isoperated similarly to an endothermic atmosphere generating system (likean endothermic gas generator), specifically in such a way as to entirelyor partially prevent the supply of gas from the treatment chamber intothe preparation chamber (by stopping or decelerating the circulating fanor closing the corresponding line valve), raise the quantities ofhydrocarbons and oxidizing gases metered in the preparation chamberbased on the required amount of endothermic gas to be generated, andanalyse and regulate the quality of the generated endothermic reactiongas, relaying the endothermic gas generated in this way to the furnacein a hot or cooled state.

After the treatment chamber of the furnace according to the inventionhas been scoured for the corresponding requisite period of time with theendothermic reaction gas generated in the preparation chamber, thefurnace is ready for thermochemical heat treatment, and the preparationchamber can be switched from the gas generating process to the gaspreparation process.

In an especially advantageous way, this enables the configuration andcombined utilization of the preparation chamber for the gas generationand gas preparation of reaction gases.

In order to satisfy these requirements, the preparation chamber isdesigned to be fire-resistant and gastight, and provided with a heaterand temperature controller.

In order to accelerate the gas reactions described above, metals knownfrom the gas generating systems, in particular nickel, are used as thecatalyst material.

The performance of the preparation chamber with respect to quantity andquality of preparation or of the generated reaction gas depends on thereaction temperature level, in particular on the size of the catalystsurface. Catalysts of the kind used for scrubbing the exhaust gas inpassenger car engines yield catalysts that perform at an especially highlevel, while at the same time exhibiting a compact structure.

The overall scope of the invention may be represented in this context bya detailed explanation of its optional variants:

The key to the method for preparing process gases for heat treatments ofmetallic materials/workpieces in industrial furnace treatment chambersis that the respective process gas is able to be prepared attemperatures that are independent of the temperature in the treatmentchamber, in a process separate from the heat treatment process in thetreatment chamber, and in a temperature range significantly lower thanthe temperatures in the heating chamber, up to a temperature of about1250° C.

The process gas is usually a process gas that is consumed after the heattreatment process or thermochemical treatment, and it is prepared in theseparate process.

Process gases are enriched and generated separately in a preparationstep according to at least one of the following reaction equations, forexample,

2CH₄+O₂

2CO+4H₂

CH₄+CO₂

2CO+2H₂

CH₄+H₂O

CO+3H₂

or an equation having equivalent effect.

After a carburising or heat treatment process step according to one ofthe following reaction equations, for example,

2CO→C+CO₂

CO+H₂→C+H₂O

CO→C+0.5O₂

or an equation having equivalent effect, the used process gas isreturned to the treatment chamber.

The sequence of the preparation step and the process steps of heattreatment, thermochemical treatment or carburisation is carried out in aclosed circuit via the preparation step and in a preparation chamberhaving a catalyst and temperature adjustment device that is separatefrom the treatment chamber of the industrial furnace.

For this, a module may be used that includes the preparation chamberwith the catalyst and temperature adjustment device, wherein an externalmodule is particularly advantageous for industrial furnaces that need tobe retrofitted.

On the other hand, a module that is integrated in the industrial furnacemay also be used, particularly for new installations. The module may beconnected to the treatment chamber via lines.

The used process gas may be extracted from the treatment chamber andreturned to the preparation chamber via an outflow line, and theprepared process gas may be compressed and fed into the treatmentchamber from the preparation chamber via an inflow line.

At least one process gas compressor is used to accelerate the closedcircuit of extracting the used process gas and feeding the preparedprocess gas back, and to at least homogenise and compress it, andtransport it with a higher level of activation. At least one process gascompressor is functionally integrated in the preparation step, and aturbocharger may be used as the process gas compressor. A pistoncompressor may be used as the process gas compressor.

In this way, the preparation of process gases for heat treatments ofmetallic materials/workpieces in industrial furnace treatment chambers,which process gas includes at least

-   -   a first treatment medium as a protective gas, which may include        the components carbon dioxide, oxygen and steam in addition to        the components carbon monoxide, hydrogen and nitrogen, and    -   a second treatment medium as a reagent gas, which initiates a        thermochemical process,        may proceed as follows:    -   a) In the preparation step, the process gas is prepared with        respect to at least one of the properties thereof that are        essential for heat treatment, such as chemical properties,        temperatures, pressures or flow speeds, in a separate module        outside of the treatment chamber and the industrial furnace, and        in this step    -   b) the components, such as carbon dioxide, oxygen and steam        react catalytically with a hydrocarbon as a reagent gas to yield        carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and after this reaction the        protective gas has an adjusted C potential, wherein    -   c) the C potential is adjusted with respect to at least one of        the parameters such as temperature, pressure and flow speed        depending on the conditions in the treatment chamber and the        prepared process gas, having been compressed, homogenised and        accelerated is fed into the treatment chamber via the process        gas compressor and directed and controlled with respect to the        materials/workpieces via a single-point or multipoint feed        system, and    -   d) in the treatment chamber at least one treatment medium of the        process gas is recirculated and recovered for preparation in the        separate module.

Air from a cold area may be added to the treatment media of the processgas being prepared.

The used process gas or at least one of its treatment media is extractedfrom the treatment chamber and fed back into the treatment chamber afterit has been prepared.

At least one process gas compressor is used for the flow acceleratingand compressing circulation of at least one treatment medium of theprocess gas being prepared, with which air from a cold area may be mixedfor cooling. The process gas compressor may be driven by a blower.

The compressing, mixing/homogenising and/or accelerating transport ofthe process gas is directed towards the materials/workpieces of thebatch to be treated via the single-point or multipoint feed system,which may be adapted to the treatment chamber of the respective furnacetype. Flow optimising guidance devices are able to assist the directedtransport of the process gas towards the workpieces/materials.

It is conceivable for the process gas or at least one of the treatmentmedia to be diverted from at least one other industrial furnace ortreatment chamber.

In order to control and adjust as well as monitor the process atmospherein the treatment chamber of the industrial furnace or the temperature ofthe process gas, equipment having at least one of the requisite elementssuch as probes, analysers and sensors is used to measure the temperatureand CO content as well as the pressure in the treatment chamber and atleast one further parameter, such as the oxygen partial pressure, CO₂content, and dewpoint of the atmosphere in the treatment chamber, andsubsequently to regulate the preparation of the process gas in thepreparation chamber and to control the inflow or outflow thereofaccording to the reconditioning time for at least one treatment mediumfrom the treatment chamber.

The reconditioning time may be controlled according to at least one ofthe parameters such as

-   -   a) rotating speed of the compressor and    -   b) number of times the process gas passes through the        preparation chamber with the catalyst without interruption.

Software may be used for controlling and adjusting by segments at leastone treatment medium of the process gas to be prepared for theatmosphere in the treatment chamber by at least a pulsed, timed orconstant addition of at least one of the treatment media as reagentgases.

At least one treatment medium of the process gas may be used for severalindustrial furnaces or treatment chambers.

Partial mass flows of the process gas may be produced and controlled inat least one process step.

In order to carry out the method, the device includes a closablepreparation chamber equipped with a catalyst and temperature adjustmentdevice for preparing the process gases, the functionally integratedprocess gas compressor, equipment functionally connected to thetreatment chamber of the industrial furnace, the preparation chamber andthe process gas compressor for measuring the inflow of the process gastreatment media, and a switching unit for controlling and adjusting atleast one of the parameters of the process gas being prepared in thepreparation chamber for the purpose of feeding treatment media, feedingthe prepared process gas into the industrial furnace treatment chamber,and the C level, and for extracting at least one of the treatment media.

The device may be configured as a separate module including

-   -   a) a housing with the closable preparation chamber, the catalyst        and the temperature adjustment device, which housing is equipped        with at least one detachable and sealable inflow line each for        the prepared process gas or components thereof as treatment        media to be introduced into the industrial furnace treatment        chamber, and one outflow line for at least one treatment medium        from an area of from the treatment chamber of the industrial        furnace,    -   b) equipment for measuring the inflow of the process gas        treatment media, the pressure in the treatment chamber, the        rotating speed of the process gas compressor, the actuation of        elements such as valves in order to create a partial mass flow        of the process gas, and the temperature of the catalyst, and    -   c) the switching unit for controlling and adjusting the        parameters such as pressure, temperature, volume flow of the        process gas to be prepared in the preparation chamber,        wherein the process gas compressor may be attached to the        treatment chamber.

It is preferably also possible to attach the process gas compressor tothe preparation chamber.

It is conceivable for the module to be configured as a separate moduleintegrated in the industrial furnace, and in this case the module mayalso be designed functionally as a retort.

Preferably for retrofits according to the invention, it is designed asseparate module that may be connected externally to an existingindustrial furnace.

The respective module may be lined with a ceramic material.

The equipment is equipped in detail with at least one of the followingelements:

-   -   d) probes, analysers and sensors for measuring a temperature, a        CO content and a pressure in the treatment chamber, and at least        one more of the parameters such as oxygen partial pressure, CO₂        content, and dewpoint of the atmosphere in the treatment        chamber,    -   e) a switching unit (2.5) as a control and adjustment device for        preparing the process gas (3) in preparation chamber (2.2), and        controlling the inflow or outflow according to the        reconditioning time, and    -   f) means for controlling a residence time, cycles or a partial        mass flow of the process gas (3) in preparation chamber (2.2) or        treatment chamber (1.1).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawing:

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a carburisation reaction onthe surface of a part and secondary reactions in the furnace atmosphereaccording to the described prior art,

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of the reactions knownpreviously in principle in a treatment and preparation chamber designedin accordance with DE 10 2008 029 001.7-45 including recirculation ofthe prepared gas, and

FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of an example of an industrialfurnace operated according to the method and using the device accordingto the invention for preparing process gases.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of a plant designed according tothe invention including for example an industrial furnace 1 that issuitable for retrofitting. Industrial furnace 1 has a treatment chamber1.1, a multipoint feeder as a multipoint feed system 1.2, and aquenching area 1.3.

Even though a single-point feed is essentially possible, the advantagesoffered by a multi-point feed 1.2 for siphoning the reaction gas to beprepared from the treatment chamber 1.1 and returning the gas preparedin the preparation chamber 2.2 to the treatment chamber 1.1 are here tobe realized by using an interface in the form of a coaxial dual-pipewith an inner pipe that is somewhat longer than the outer pipe, and bysiphoning the reaction gas to be prepared via the inner pipe, andreturning the prepared gas via the outer pipe.

A treatment chamber circulation system 1.4 is arranged above treatmentchamber 1.1.

An inflow line 1.5 for a process gas 3 enters treatment chamber 1.1, andan outflow line 1.6 for extracting at least a first treatment medium 3.1of process gas 3 exits treatment chamber 1.1.

An external module 2 consists of a housing 2.1 with a preparationchamber 2.2, which is equipped with a catalyst 2.2.1 and a temperatureadjustment device 2.2.2. Preparation chamber 2.2 is connected totreatment chamber 1.1 via inflow line 1.5 for the process gas 3. Aprocess gas compressor 2.3, which may be in the form of a turbochargerfor example, is arranged before preparation chamber 2.2 in outflow line1.6—primarily in order to extract a first treatment medium 3.1 ofprocess gas 3 from treatment chamber 1.1 more quickly. Process gascompressor 2.3 also ensures that process gas 3 is highly compressedduring preparation in preparation chamber 2.2, and that the preparedprocess gas 3 is forwarded to treatment chamber 1.1 in a highlycompressed state.

In addition, the preparation chamber 2.2 can be designed to befire-resistant and gastight, and provided with a second heater andtemperature controller.

In order to accelerate the gas reactions, metals, in particular nickel,are used as the material for the catalyst 2.2.1, wherein the use of thecatalyst 2.2.1 has been proven effective for scrubbing the exhaust gasin passenger car engines.

In order to prevent a reactive breakdown of the introduced process gas 3after it exits the treatment chamber 1.1 or exits the preparationchamber 2.2, the method can be expanded so as to cool this process gas3.

To this end, a cooling aggregate 1.7, preferably one designed as aribbed pipe piece with ducted or induced cooling, is allocated to atleast inflow line 1.5 or outflow line 1.6.

As an alternative, a reactive breakdown of the introduced process gas 3can be avoided by heat-insulating or heating the latter after it exitsthe treatment chamber 1.1 or exits the preparation chamber 2.2, so thatit achieves its gas temperature.

In the above alternative case, insulation or a first heater would haveto be allocated to at least inflow line 1.5 or outflow line 1.6.

Equipment 2.4 for measuring the supply of treatment media 3.1, 3.2 ofprocess gas 3, the pressure in treatment chamber 1.1, the rotating speedof the process gas compressor 2.3, and the temperature of catalyst 2.2.1is connected to treatment chamber 1.1 and to a switching unit 2.5 forcontrolling and adjusting the parameters such as pressure, temperature,the volume flow of the process gas 3 to be prepared in preparationchamber 2.2. for the purpose of introducing treatment media 3.1, 3.2 andair 3.3, introducing the prepared process gas 3 into treatment chamber1.1 of industrial furnace 1 and the C level, and extracting at least oneof treatment media 3.1, 3.2.

The expanded equipment 2.4 for an input/output monitoring systemdesigned as a control loop encompasses (not to be shown)

-   -   Gas composition analysers, in particular for gas components CO        and CH₄, but also CO₂ and H₂, and potentially H₂O and/or O₂,    -   Sensors for determining the quantity and temperature of the gas        flowing into the preparation chamber 2.2 for preparation and        flowing out of the preparation chamber 2.2 after prepared,    -   Controllable metering valves and rate meters for the unburned        gases fed into the preparation chamber 2.2, and    -   A programmable control system for processing the measuring data,        calculating the target variables, and relaying the control        signals to the actuators, such as valves.

With this system, the method according to the invention for preparingthe respective process gas 3 at temperatures up to about 1250° C. thatare uncoupled from the temperature in treatment chamber 1.1, is enrichedand generated in a preparation step, in this example according to areaction equation

2CH₄+O₂

2CO+4H₂

CH₄+CO₂

2CO+2H₂

CH₄+H₂O

CO+3H₂

and the used process gas 3 is returned to treatment chamber 1.1 after acarburisation process step (see FIGS. 1 and 2), in this exampleaccording to a reaction equation

2CO→C+CO₂

CO+H₂→C+H₂O

CO→C+0.5O₂

In this context, it should be noted again it is within the scope of thecentral idea of the invention that other reactions may also take placeaccording to the composition of the gas components and depending on thecorresponding heat treatment methods for preparing the process gas 3 andits consumption as part of the treatment.

The sequence of the preparation step and the process step—as here of thecarburisation—takes place in a recirculating circuit. The preparationstep is carried out in preparation chamber 2.2 which is equipped withcatalyst 2.2.1 and temperature adjustment device 2.2.2 and separate fromindustrial furnace 1 but connected to treatment chamber 1.1 via lines1.5, 1.6.

The entire recirculation process also encompasses the generation of thereaction gas to be prepared as a process gas 3 in preparation chamber2.2.

The following steps are required for this purpose:

-   -   a) Using the preparation chamber 2.2 as a type of endothermic        gas generating system, in such a way as to entirely or partially        prevent the supply of gas from the treatment chamber 1.1 into        the preparation chamber 2.2,    -   b) Raising the quantities of hydrocarbons and oxidizing gases        metered in the preparation chamber 2.2 based on the required        amount of endothermic gas to be generated, and analysing and        regulating the quality of the generated endothermic reaction        gas, and    -   c) Relaying this generated process gas 3 as a quasi-endothermic        gas to the treatment chamber 1.1 in a hot or cooled state.

After the treatment chamber 1.1 has been scoured with the endothermicreaction gas generated in this way in the preparation chamber 2.2,preparations for a thermochemical heat treatment are complete, and thepreparation chamber 2.2 for the gas generating process is switched overto the actual preparation process.

The used process gas 3 is accelerated out of treatment chamber 1.1through outflow line 1.6 exiting treatment chamber 1.1 and topreparation chamber 2.2 by accelerating process gas compressor 2.3, andafter it has been prepared it is returned as prepared and highlycompressed process gas 3 out of preparation chamber 2.2 through infeedline 1.5 to treatment chamber 1.1. This sequence is supported by processgas compressor 2.3 significantly with respect to the improved effectsaccording to the invention of

-   -   gas reactions for generating carburising gas components in the        atmosphere,    -   convective gas phase homogenisation for the transport of        carbon-containing molecules in the gas phase and to the part,    -   transport by diffusion of carbon-containing molecules through        the flow boundary layer to the surface of the part,    -   dissociation and adsorption in terms of splitting of molecules        on the surface of the part,    -   absorption of the carbon by the surface of the part, and    -   diffusion of the carbon into the part.

The unburned gases being fed into the preparation chamber 2.2, such asnatural gas and air, along with other hydrocarbons and other oxidizinggases, can be adjusted relative to a supplied overall quantity and theratio of supplied individual quantities, based on the quantity andcomposition of the gas to be prepared and the desired preparationresult.

The composition, flowing quantity and temperature are here measured forthe process gas 3 to be prepared after exits the treatment chamber 1.1and before it enters the preparation chamber 2.2, as well as for theprepared gas after it exits the preparation chamber 2.2 and before itenters the treatment chamber 1.1.

The entire quantity of the unburned gases fed into the preparationchamber 2.2 along with the relative quantities of individual unburnedgas components are continuously varied relative to each other in such away as to yield a process-optimised preparation result.

This sequence forms a closed control loop, in which target variables forthe prepared gas are defined based on an analysis of the gas to beprepared, in particular with respect to CO content and CH₄ content, andpotentially also with respect to H2 content and CO₂ or H₂O content.Attainment of target variables is ensured by varying the quantities ofindividual unburned gas components fed to the preparation chamber 2.2,and monitored and readjusted as needed by analysing the prepared processgas 3.

For the preparation of process gases 3, this includes at least

-   -   first treatment medium 3.1 as the protective gas, which includes        components carbon dioxide, oxygen and steam in addition to        minimum components carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and nitrogen, and    -   second treatment medium 3.2 as the reagent gas, which initiates        the carburising process.

The processes may be summarised as follows:

-   -   process gas 3 is accordingly prepared in the preparation step        with regard to at least one of the properties thereof that are        essential for the heat treatment, such as chemical properties,        temperatures, pressures, or flow speeds, separately in external        module 2, outside of treatment chamber 1.1 and industrial        furnace 1,    -   in this context, the components such as carbon dioxide, oxygen,        and steam react catalytically with a hydrocarbon as a reagent        gas to yield carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and following this        reaction the protective gas will have an adjusted C potential,    -   the C potential is adjusted according to at least one of the        parameters, such as temperature, pressure, and flow speed        depending on the conditions in treatment chamber 1.1 and having        been compressed, homogenised and accelerated the prepared        process gas 3 is fed in controlled manner back to treatment        chamber 1.1 with the aid of process gas compressor 2.3 and        directed towards the materials/workpieces via, in this case,        multipoint feed system 1.2, and    -   at least one treatment medium 3.1, 3.2 of process gas 3 is        recirculated in treatment chamber 1.1 and recovered for        preparation in external module 2.

If necessary, air 3.3 from a cold area may be added to treatment media3.1, 3.2 of the process gas 3 to be prepared.

The used process gas 3 or at least one of the treatment media 3.1, 3.2thereof is extracted from treatment chamber 1.1 by suction and thenreturned to treatment chamber 1.1 after it is has been prepared.

If necessary, several process gas compressors 2.3 may be used forflow-accelerating and compressing circulation of at least one treatmentmedium 3.1, 3.2 of the process gas 3 to be prepared, and air 3.3 is alsosupplied to these from the cold area for cooling purposes.

Process gas compressor 2.3 may be driven by a blower, but this is notshown in the figure.

In general, it is advantageous if the compressing, mixing/homogenisingand/or accelerating transport of the process gas 3 is directed at thematerials/workpieces of the batch that are to be treated via multipointfeed/multiple point feeder system 1.2, which may also be adapted to thetreatment chamber 1.1 of the respective furnace type.

The prepared process gas 3 may be directed at the workpieces/materialseconomically via flow optimising guidance devices, but these are notillustrated in the figure.

The method is used advantageously in furnace lines, for example, whichare not shown here, if the process gas 3 or at least one of thetreatment media 3.1, 3.2 is diverted from at least a second industrialfurnace 1.

In order to control and adjust as well as monitor the process atmospherein treatment chamber 1.1 of industrial furnace 1 or the temperature ofthe process gas 3, equipment 2.4 having at least one of the requisiteelements such as probes, analysers and sensors is used to measure thetemperature and CO content as well as the pressure in treatment chamber1.1 and at least one more of the parameters, such as the oxygen partialpressure, CO₂ content, and dewpoint of the atmosphere in treatmentchamber 1.1, and subsequently to regulate the preparation of the processgas 3 in preparation chamber 2.2 and to control the inflow intotreatment chamber 1.1 or outflow of at least one treatment medium 3.1,3.2 from treatment chamber 1.1.

Software is used purposefully for control and adjustment of at least onetreatment medium 3.1, 3.2 of the process gas 3 to be prepared for theatmosphere in treatment chamber 1.1, and it controls or adjusts thepulsed, timed, and/or constant feeing of at least one of the treatmentmedium 3.1, 3.2, for example the reagent gases, by segments.

The method is capable of being expanded, for example in furnace lines,such that at least one treatment medium 1, 3.2 of the process gas 3 isuse for multiple industrial furnaces 1 or treatment chambers 1.1.

It is particularly advantageous if the process of controlling andadjusting as well as monitoring the process atmosphere in treatmentchamber 1.1 of industrial furnace 1 or the temperature of the processgas 3, is assured by equipment 2.4 having at least one of the requisiteelements such as probes, analysers and sensors, which measure thetemperature and CO content as well as the pressure in treatment chamber1.1 and at least one more of the parameters, such as the oxygen partialpressure, CO₂ content, and dewpoint of the atmosphere in treatmentchamber 1.1, and subsequently regulates the preparation of the processgas 3 in preparation chamber 2.2 and controls the inflow or outflowthereof according to the reconditioning time for at least one treatmentmedium 3.1, 3.2 from treatment chamber 1.1.

In this context, the reconditioning time is controlled according to atleast one of the parameters such as

-   -   a) rotating speed of the compressor and    -   b) number of times the process gas 3 passes through preparation        chamber 2.1 with catalyst 2.2 without interruption.

Accordingly, the device for carrying out the method as has already beendescribed above with an external module 2 includes

-   -   a) the closable preparation chamber 2.2 with catalyst 2.2.1 and        temperature adjustment device 2.2.2 for preparing the process        gases 3, which is via one detachable and sealable inflow line        1.5 for the prepared process gas 3 or components thereof such as        treatment media 3.1, 3.2 to be introduced into treatment chamber        1.1 of industrial furnace 1, and outflow line 1.6 for at least        one treatment medium 3.1, 3.2 from an area or from the treatment        chamber 1.1 of industrial furnace 1,    -   b) the blower-type compressor 2.3 with drive unit attached to        and functionally integrated with preparation chamber 2.2, and    -   c) equipment 2.4 for measuring the inflow of treatment media        3.1, 3.2 of the process gas 3, the pressure in treatment chamber        1.1, the rotating speed of process gas compressor 2.3, and the        temperature of catalyst 2.2.1, which equipment is connected        functionally to treatment chamber 1.1 of the industrial furnace,        preparation chamber 2.2, and process gas compressor 2.3,    -   d) switching unit 2.5 for controlling and adjusting parameters        such as pressure, temperature, volume flow of the process gas to        be prepared in preparation chamber 2.2 for the purpose of        feeding treatment media 3.1, 3.2, feeding the prepared process        gas 3 into treatment chamber 1.1 of industrial furnace 1, and        the C level, as well as extracting at least one of the treatment        media 3.1, 3.2.

In this example, external module 2 is constructed as a housing withclosable preparation chamber 2.2, catalyst 2.2.1, and temperatureadjustment device 2.2.2. Housing 2 has at least one detachable andsealable infeed line 1.5 each for the prepared process gas 3 or thecomponents thereof, such as treatment media 3.1, 3.2, to be introducedinto treatment chamber 1.1 of industrial furnace 1, and one outflow line1.6 for at least one treatment medium 3.1, 3.2 from treatment chamber1.1 of the industrial furnace or an area thereof.

Equipment 2.4 is to be designed for measuring the inflow of treatmentmedia 3.1, 3.2 of the process gas 3, the pressure in treatment chamber1.1, the rotating speed of process gas compressor 1.4, 2.3 and foractuating elements such as valve to create a partial mass flow of theprocess gas 3, and the temperature of catalyst 2.2.1.

Switching unit 2.5 must be provided for controlling and adjustingparameters such as pressure, temperature, volume flow of the process gas3 to be prepared in preparation chamber 2.2.

A turbocharger may be used as the process gas compressor 1.4 attached totreatment chamber 1.1.

For special new constructions, separate module 2 may be designed as amodule integrated in industrial furnace 1, though this is not shownhere, and such a configuration as a retort is conceivable.

In the example presented here, a preferred illustration of separatemodule 2 is represented as a module that may be connected to industrialfurnace 1 externally.

For module 2 a lining with a ceramic material may be used, such as isknown from the prior art described in the introduction.

Finally, the device includes the equipment 2.4 indicated previously,having at least one of the following elements:

-   -   a) probes, analysers and sensors for measuring a temperature, a        CO content and a pressure in treatment chamber 1.1, and at least        one more of the parameters such as oxygen partial pressure, CO₂        content, and dewpoint of the atmosphere in treatment chamber        1.1,    -   b) switching unit (2.5) as a control and adjustment device for        preparing the process gas 3 in preparation chamber 2.2, and        controlling inflow or outflow according to the reconditioning        time, and    -   c) means for controlling a residence time, cycles or a partial        mass flow of the process gas 3 in preparation chamber 2.2 or        treatment chamber 1.1.

LEGEND

-   -   1=Industrial furnace    -   1.1=Treatment chamber    -   1.2=Multipoint feed    -   1.3=Quenching area    -   1.4=Treatment chamber circulating system    -   1.5=Inflow    -   1.6=Outflow    -   1.7=Cooling aggregate    -   2=Module    -   2.1=Housing    -   2.2=Preparation chamber        -   2.2.1=Catalyst        -   2.2.2=Temperature control device    -   2.3=Process gas compressor    -   2.4=Equipment    -   2.5=Switching unit for control and adjustment    -   3=Process gas    -   3.1=First treatment medium    -   3.2=Second treatment medium    -   3.3=Air

1. A method for preparing process gases (3) for heat treatments ofmetallic materials/workpieces in treatment chambers (1.1) such asheating chambers of industrial furnaces (1), in which a respectiveprocess gas (3) is prepared at temperatures that are uncoupled from thetemperature in the treatment chamber (1.1), in a process separate fromthe heat treatment process in the treatment chamber (1.1), and in atemperature range up to about 1250° C.
 2. The method as recited in claim1, characterized in that the process gas (3) is a used process gas (3)that is prepared in the separate process following the heat treatmentprocess or thermochemical treatment.
 3. The method as recited in claim1, characterized in that in order to prepare process gases (3) for heattreatments of metallic materials/workpieces in treatment chambers (1.1)of industrial furnaces (1) a respective process gas (3) is enriched andgenerated separately in a preparation step at temperatures that havebeen uncoupled from the temperature in the treatment chamber (1.1) up toabout 1250° C. according to at least one of the equations2CH₄+O₂→2CO+4H₂CH₄+CO₂→2CO+2H₂CH₄+H₂O→CO+3H₂
 4. The method as recited in claim 1, characterized inthat the used process gas (3) is returned to the treatment chamber (1.1)after a carburising process step according to at least one of thefollowing reaction equations2CO→C+CO₂CO+H₂→C+H₂OCO→C+0.5O₂
 5. The method as recited in 1, characterized by the sequenceof the preparation step and the process steps of heat treatment,thermochemical treatment or carburisation in a closed recirculationcircuit.
 6. The method as recited in claim 1, characterized by thepreparation step in a preparation chamber (2.2) having a catalyst(2.2.1) and temperature adjustment device (2.2.2) and separated from thetreatment chamber (1.1) of the industrial furnace (1).
 7. The method asrecited in claim 1, characterized by the generation of a reaction gas tobe prepared as a process gas (3) in the preparation chamber (2.2), withthe following steps: a) Using the preparation chamber (2.2) as a type ofendothermic gas generating system, in such a way as to entirely orpartially prevent the supply of gas from the treatment chamber (1.1)into the preparation chamber (2.2), b) Raising the quantities ofhydrocarbons and oxidizing gases metered in the preparation chamber(2.2) based on the required amount of endothermic gas to be generated,and analysing and regulating the quality of the generated endothermicreaction gas, and c) Relaying this generated process gas (3) as aquasi-endothermic gas to the treatment chamber (1.1) in a hot or cooledstate, wherein d) After the treatment chamber (1.1) has been scouredwith the endothermic reaction gas generated in this way in thepreparation chamber (2.2), preparations for a thermochemical heattreatment are complete, and the preparation chamber (2.2) is switchedfrom the gas generating process to the gas preparation process.
 8. Themethod as recited in claim 1, characterized in that the introducedprocess gas (3) is cooled after exiting the treatment chamber (1.1) orexiting the preparation chamber (2.2) to prevent its reactive breakdown.9. The method as recited in claim 1, characterized in that theintroduced process gas (3) is heat insulated or heated to achieve itsgas temperature after exiting the treatment chamber (1.1) or exiting thepreparation chamber (2.2) to prevent its reactive breakdown.
 10. Themethod as recited in claim 1, characterized by the use of a module (2)that includes the preparation chamber (2.2) having a catalyst (2.2.1)and temperature adjustment device (2.2.2).
 11. The method as recited inclaim 1, characterized by the use of an external module (2).
 12. Themethod as recited in claim 1, characterized by the use of a module (2)that is integrated in the industrial furnace (1).
 13. The method asrecited in claim 1, characterized by use of a module (2) that isconnection to the treatment chamber (1.1) by lines (1.5, 1.6).
 14. Themethod as recited in claim 1, characterized in that the used process gas(3) from the treatment chamber (1.1) is extracted from the treatmentchamber through outflow line (1.6) to the preparation chamber (2.2). 15.The method as recited in claim 1, characterized in that the unburnedgases fed into the preparation chamber (2.2), such as natural gas andair, along with other hydrocarbons and oxidizing gases, are adjustedrelative to a supplied overall quantity and ratio of supplied individualquantities based on the quantity and composition of the gas to beprepared and the desired preparation result, wherein a) The composition,streaming quantity and temperature of the process gas (3) to be preparedafter exiting the treatment chamber (1.1)O and before entering thepreparation chamber (2.2), and of the prepared gas after exiting thepreparation chamber (2.2) and before entering the treatment chamber(1.1), are measured, and the entire quantity of unburned gas fed intothe preparation chamber (2.2) along with the relative quantities ofindividual unburned gas components are continuously changed relative toeach other so as to achieve a process-optimised preparation result, andb) This sequence creates a closed control loop, in which targetvariables for the prepared gas are defined based on an analysis of thegas to be prepared, in particular with respect to CO content and CH₄content, and potentially also with respect to H₂ content and CO₂ or H₂Ocontent, the attainment of which is ensured by varying the quantities ofindividual unburned gas components fed to the preparation chamber (2.2),and monitored and readjusted as needed by analysing the prepared processgas (3).
 16. The method as recited in claim 1, characterized in that theprepared process gas (3) is compressed and fed from the preparationchamber (2.2) to the treatment chamber (1.1) through an inflow line(1.5).
 17. The method as recited in claim 1, characterized by the use ofat least one process gas compressor (1.4, 2.3), which accelerates therecirculating circuit of extracting the used process gas (3) and feedingthe prepared process gas (3) and at least homogenises, compresses andraises the degree of activation of the prepared process gas for cycling.18. The method as recited in claim 1, characterized by the use of aprocess gas compressor (2.3) that is functionally integrated at leastthe preparation step.
 19. The method as recited in claim 1,characterized by the use of a turbocharger as the process gas compressor(2.3).
 20. The method as recited in claim 1, characterized by use of apiston compressor as the process gas compressor (2.3).
 21. The method asrecited in claim 1, wherein in the preparation of process gases (3) forheat treatments of metallic materials/workpieces in industrial furnacetreatment chambers, the respective process gas includes at least a firsttreatment medium (3.1) as a protective gas, which can include thecomponents carbon dioxide, oxygen and steam in addition to thecomponents carbon monoxide, hydrogen and nitrogen, and a secondtreatment medium (3.2) as a reagent gas, which initiates athermochemical process, characterized in that the process gas (3) a) isprepared in the preparation step with respect to at least one of theproperties thereof that are essential for heat treatment, such aschemical properties, temperatures, pressures or flow speeds, in theseparate module (2) outside of the treatment chamber (1.1) and theindustrial furnace (1), and in this step b) the components, such ascarbon dioxide, oxygen and steam react catalytically with a hydrocarbonas a reagent gas to yield carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and after thisreaction the protective gas has an adjusted C potential, wherein c) theC potential is adjusted with respect to at least one of the parameterssuch as temperature, pressure and flow speed depending on the conditionsin the treatment chamber (1.1), and the prepared process gas (3), havingbeen compressed, homogenised and accelerated is fed into the treatmentchamber (1.1) via the hot gas compressor (2.3) and directed andcontrolled with respect to the materials/workpieces via a single-pointor multipoint feed system, and d) in the treatment chamber (1.1) atleast one treatment medium (3.1, 3.2) of the process gas (3) isrecirculated and recovered for preparation in the separate module (2).22. The method as recited in claim 1, characterized in that, when usinga multi-point feed (1.2) for siphoning the reaction gas to be preparedfrom the treatment chamber (1.1) and returning the gas prepared in thepreparation chamber (2.2) to the treatment chamber (1.1), an interfacein the form of a coaxial dual-pipe with an inner pipe that is somewhatlonger than the outer pipe is used, and the reaction gas to be preparedis siphoned out via the inner pipe, and the prepared gas is returned viathe outer pipe.
 23. The method as recited in claim 1, characterized inthat air (3.3) from a cold area is supplied to the treatment media (3.1,3.2) of the process gas (3) that is to be prepared.
 24. The method asrecited in claim 1, characterized in that the used process gas (3) or atleast one of the treatment media (3.1, 3.2) thereof is extracted fromthe treatment chamber (1.1) by suction and is returned to the treatmentchamber (1.1) after it has been prepared.
 25. The method as recited inclaim 1, characterized in that for the flow accelerating and compressingcirculation of at least one treatment medium (3.1, 3.2) of the processgas (3) to be prepared, at least one process gas compressor (1.4, 2.3)is used, to which air (3.3) from a cold area is supplied for cooling.26. The method as recited in claim 1, characterized in that the processgas compressor (1.4, 2.3) is driven by a blower.
 27. The method asrecited in claim 1, characterized in that the compressing,mixing/homogenising and/or accelerating transport of the process gas (3)is directed towards the materials/workpieces of a batch to be treatedvia the multiple point or multipoint feed system (1.2), which is adaptedto the treatment chamber (1.1) of the respective furnace type.
 28. Themethod as recited in claim 1, characterized in that the process gas (3)to be prepared is directed towards the workpieces/materials via flowoptimising guidance devices.
 29. The method as recited in claim 1,characterized in that the process gas (3) or at least one of thetreatment media (3.1, 3.2) thereof is diverted from another industrialfurnace (1) or another treatment chamber (1.1).
 30. The method asrecited in claim 1, characterized in that in order to control and adjustas well as monitor the process atmosphere in the treatment chamber (1.1)of the industrial furnace (1) or the temperature of the process gas (3),equipment (2.4) having at least one of the requisite elements such asprobes, analysers and sensors is used, which elements measure thetemperature and CO content as well as the pressure in the treatmentchamber (1.1) and at least one more the parameters, such as the oxygenpartial pressure, CO₂ content, and dew point of the atmosphere in thetreatment chamber (1.1), and subsequently regulate the preparation ofthe process gas (3) in the preparation chamber (2.2) and control theinflow or outflow thereof according to the reconditioning time of atleast one treatment medium (3.1, 3.2) from the treatment chamber (1.1).31. The method as recited in claim 1, characterized in that thereconditioning time is controlled according to at least one of theparameters such as a) rotating speed of the compressor and b) number ofcycles for which the process gas (3) passes through the preparationchamber (2.1) with the catalyst (2.2) consecutively.
 32. The method asrecited in claim 1, characterized in that software is used forcontrolling and adjusting by segments at least one treatment medium(3.1, 3.2) of the process gas (3) to be prepared for the atmosphere inthe treatment chamber (1.1) by at least a pulsed, timed or constantaddition of at least one of the treatment media (3.1, 3.2) as reagentgases.
 33. The method as recited in 1, characterized in that at leastone treatment medium (3.1, 3.2) of the process gas (3) is used forseveral industrial furnaces (1) or treatment chambers (1.1).
 34. Themethod as recited in claim 1, characterized in that partial mass flowsof the process gas (3) are produced and controlled in at least oneprocess step
 35. A device for carrying out the method, including a) aclosable preparation chamber (2.2) with catalyst (2.2.1) and temperatureadjustment device (2.2.2) for preparing the process gases (3), b) afunctionally integrated process gas compressor (1.4, 2.3), c) equipment(2.4) for measuring the inflow of treatment media (3.1, 3.2) of theprocess gas (3), the equipment being connected functionally to thetreatment chamber (1.1) of the industrial furnace, to the preparationchamber (2.2), and to the process gas compressor (1.4, 2.3), d) aswitching unit (2.5) for controlling and adjusting at least one of theparameters of the process gas to be prepared in preparation chamber(2.2) for the purpose of feeding the treatment media (3.1, 3.2), feedingthe prepared process gas (3) into treatment chamber (1.1) of theindustrial furnace (1), and the C level, as well as extracting at leastone of the treatment media (3.1, 3.2).
 36. A device with a separatemodule (2) as recited in claim 35, characterized by a) a housing (2)with the closable preparation chamber (2.2), the catalyst (2.2.1) andthe temperature adjustment device (2.2.2), which housing (2) is equippedwith at least one detachable and sealable inflow line (1.5) each for theprepared process gas (3) or components thereof as treatment media (3.1,3.2) to be introduced into the treatment chamber (1.1) of the industrialfurnace (1), and one outflow line (1.6) for at least one treatmentmedium (3.1, 3.2) from an area or from the treatment chamber (1.1) ofthe industrial furnace (1), b) equipment (2.4) for measuring the inflowof the treatment media (3.1, 3.2) of the process gas (3), the pressurein the treatment chamber (1.1), the rotating speed of the process gascompressor (1.4, 2.3), the actuation of elements such as valves in orderto create a partial mass flow of the process gas (3), and thetemperature of the catalyst (2.2.1), and c) the switching unit (2.5) forcontrolling and adjusting the parameters such as pressure, temperature,volume flow of the process gas to be prepared in the preparation chamber(2.2).
 37. The device as recited in claim 35, characterized in that theequipment (2.4) encompasses an input/output monitoring system designedas a control loop, which has Gas composition analysers, in particularfor gas components CO and CH₄, but also CO₂ and H₂, and potentially H₂Oand/or O₂ Sensors for determining the quantity and temperature of thegas flowing into the preparation chamber (2.2) for preparation andflowing out of the preparation chamber (2.2) after prepared,Controllable metering valves and rate meters for the unburned gases fedinto the preparation chamber (2.2), and A programmable control systemfor processing the measuring data, calculating the target variables, andrelaying the control signals to the actuators, such as valves
 38. Thedevice as recited in claim 35, characterized by a cooling aggregate(1.7), preferably one designed as a ribbed pipe piece with ducted orinduced cooling, allocated to at least inflow line (1.5) or outflow line(1.6).
 39. The device as recited in claim 35, characterized by aninsulation or first heater allocated to at least inflow line (1.5) oroutflow line (1.6).
 40. The device as recited in claim 35, characterizedby the process gas compressor (2.3) attached to the treatment chamber(1.1) instead of a treatment chamber circulator (1.4).
 41. The device asrecited in claim 35, characterized by the process gas compressor (2.3)attached to the preparation chamber (2.2).
 42. The device as recited inclaim 35, characterized by a preparation chamber (2.2) designed to beheat-resistant and gastight, and provided with a second heater andtemperature controller.
 43. The device as recited in claim 35,characterized in that metals, in particular nickel, are used as thematerial for the catalyst (2.2.1) to accelerate gas reactions.
 44. Thedevice as recited in claim 35, characterized by the use of a catalyst(2.2.1) of the kind utilized for scrubbing exhaust gas in passengervehicle engines.
 45. The device as recited in claim 35, characterized byits configuration as a separate module (2) integrated in the industrialfurnace (1).
 46. The device as recited in claim 35, characterized inthat the separate module has a functional configuration as a retort. 47.The device as recited in claim 35, characterized by its configuration asa separate module (2) that can be connected externally to the industrialfurnace (1).
 48. The device as recited in claim 35, characterized inthat the module (2) has a lining made from a ceramic material.
 49. Thedevice as recited in claim 35, characterized by an equipment (2.4)having at least one of the following elements: a) probes, analysers andsensors for measuring a temperature, a CO content and a pressure in thetreatment chamber (1.1), and at least one more of the parameters such asoxygen partial pressure, CO₂ content, and dewpoint of the atmosphere inthe treatment chamber (1.1), b) switching unit (2.5) as a control andadjustment device for preparing the process gas (3) in the preparationchamber (2.2), and controlling inflow or outflow according to thereconditioning time, and c) means for controlling a residence time,cycles or a partial mass flow of the process gas (3) in preparationchamber (2.2) or treatment chamber (1.1).